Vocabulary Words Every Study Coach Should Know

Study

Definition: To learn about a subject.

• I study English every day.
• She studies for her exams.
• He went to the library to study.

Study in a sentence

Learn

Definition: To gain knowledge or skills through study or experience.

• I want to learn how to play the guitar.
• We learn new words every week in class.
• She loves to learn about different cultures.

Learn in a sentence

Book

Definition: A set of written pages bound together.

• I am reading a storybook.
• She borrowed a book from the library.
• He wrote a book about history.

Book in a sentence

Teacher

Definition: A person who educates students in a school.

• My teacher is very supportive.
• She wants to be a teacher when she grows up.
• He enjoys being a teacher and helping others learn.

Teacher in a sentence

Student

Definition: A person who is learning, especially in a school.

• She is a student at the local high school.
• The student asked a question in class.
• He helped a fellow student with her homework.

Student in a sentence

Class

Definition: A group of students learning together or a subject taught in school.

• I have math class every Monday.
• The class went on a field trip to the museum.
• She is my favorite teacher in class.

Class in a sentence

Homework

Definition: Tasks assigned to students to be completed outside of school.

• I have math homework to finish tonight.
• She always completes her homework on time.
• Homework helps reinforce what we learn in class.

Homework in a sentence

Question

Definition: A sentence or phrase used to ask for information.

• She raised her hand to ask a question.
• The teacher answered my question.
• He had a question about the homework assignment.

Question in a sentence

Answer

Definition: A response to a question or problem.

• Please provide an answer to the math question.
• She raised her hand to give the answer in class.
• Understanding how to answer questions is essential for learning.

Answer in a sentence

Write

Definition: To put words on paper or a screen.

• She likes to write stories in her notebook.
• Please write your name on the form.
• He will write a letter to his friend.

Write in a sentence

Read

Definition: To look at and understand written words.

• I love to read books before bedtime.
• Can you read this sentence aloud?
• She will read the story to the class.

Read in a sentence

Speak

Definition: To say words aloud; to talk.

• He can speak three languages.
• Please speak clearly so everyone can understand.
• I like to speak in front of my class.

Speak in a sentence

Listen

Definition: To pay attention to sound or someone speaking.

• Please listen carefully to the instructions.
• I like to listen to music while I study.
• It is important to listen to our friends when they talk.

Listen in a sentence

Practice

Definition: To repeat an activity to improve skills.

• He needs to practice playing the piano.
• She practices soccer every day.
• Practice makes perfect in any sport.

Practice in a sentence

Word

Definition: a single unit of language with meaning

• Can you spell that word for me?
• He used a big word in his essay.
• The word "happy" means feeling good.

Word in a sentence

Sentence

Definition: A set of words that expresses a complete thought.

• Can you write a sentence using this word?
• Every sentence needs a subject and a verb.
• I enjoy reading long sentences in books.

Sentence in a sentence

Language

Definition: A system of communication used by a particular community.

• English is a language spoken by many people.
• Learning a new language can be fun and rewarding.
• He speaks three different languages fluently.

Language in a sentence

Lesson

Definition: A period of learning or teaching; a topic covered in education.

• Today's lesson is about plants and their growth.
• He learned a valuable lesson from his mistake.
• She enjoyed the lesson on art history.

Lesson in a sentence

School

Definition: An institution for educating children.

• My school is very big and has many students.
• Every day, I walk to school with my friends.
• The school has a library and a gym.

School in a sentence

Pencil

Definition: A writing tool made of wood or plastic with a graphite core.

• Please write your name in pencil on the paper.
• He drew a picture with his favorite pencil.
• She always carries a pencil in her backpack.

Pencil in a sentence

Paper

Definition: A material used for writing or printing; a document.

• I need paper to write my notes.
• The teacher handed out paper for the test.
• She drew a picture on a piece of paper.

Paper in a sentence

Help

Definition: To assist someone with something.

• Can you help me with my homework?
• She helped her mother in the kitchen.
• He always helps his friends.

Help in a sentence

Understand

Definition: to grasp the meaning of something

• I hope you understand the instructions.
• She tried to understand the math problem.
• He explained it so I could understand better.

Understand in a sentence

Test

Definition: A method of assessing knowledge or skills; an examination.

• She studied hard for the math test next week.
• He passed the driving test on his first try.
• The teacher gave a pop quiz as a test of understanding.

Test in a sentence

Note

Definition: A short written message or a record of something.

• He wrote a note to remind himself.
• She left a note on the table for her mom.
• I took a note during the lecture.

Note in a sentence

Repeat

Definition: To say or do something again.

• Please repeat your answer so everyone can hear.
• She had to repeat the exercise for better understanding.
• He asked her to repeat the instructions clearly.

Repeat in a sentence

Exam

Definition: A formal test of knowledge or skills.

• I studied hard for my math exam.
• The exam will be held next week.
• She felt nervous before taking the exam.

Exam in a sentence

Project

Definition: A planned piece of work.

• We are working on a science project.
• Her project won first place in the contest.
• He presented his project to the class.

Project in a sentence

Coach

Definition: A person who trains and instructs a team or individual.

• My coach helps me improve my basketball skills.
• We have a great coach who teaches us teamwork.
• I want to be a coach when I grow up.

Coach in a sentence

Improve

Definition: To make something better or enhance it.

• He wants to improve his math skills.
• She practices daily to improve her singing.
• Reading can help improve your vocabulary.

Improve in a sentence

Goal

Definition: An aim or desired result that one works towards.

• My goal is to finish reading this book by next week.
• Setting a goal helps me stay focused.
• He scored a goal in the soccer game.

Goal in a sentence

Strategy

Definition: A plan of action designed to achieve a goal.

• We need a strategy to complete the project on time.
• The team developed a new strategy for winning.
• Her strategy for studying includes flashcards.

Strategy in a sentence

Resource

Definition: A source of supply or support.

• Water is a vital resource for life.
• They used their resources wisely to complete the project.
• Education is a key resource for development.

Resource in a sentence

Feedback

Definition: Information or comments about someone's performance or work.

• The teacher gave feedback on my essay.
• He appreciated the feedback from his peers.
• Constructive feedback helps improve skills.

Feedback in a sentence

Motivation

Definition: the reason to act or achieve something

• His motivation to study came from his goals.
• She found motivation in her favorite books.
• Positive feedback can increase motivation.

Motivation in a sentence

Plan

Definition: A detailed proposal for doing or achieving something; a strategy or outline.

• They made a plan for their vacation next summer.
• Having a plan helps organize thoughts and actions.
• She wrote a plan for her science project.

Plan in a sentence

Skills

Definition: The abilities or expertise needed to perform tasks.

• He has many skills, including cooking and painting.
• We learn new skills in school every day.
• Her skills in math helped her win the competition.

Review

Definition: To look over something again or to evaluate it.

• I need to review my notes before the exam.
• She wrote a review of the movie online.
• He will review the assignment tomorrow.

Review in a sentence

Time Management

Definition: The ability to use one's time effectively to accomplish goals.

• Good time management helps reduce stress and improve productivity.
• He practices time management by prioritizing tasks.
• Understanding time management is important for success in school.

Notes

Definition: Brief records of information written down for reference.

• She took notes during the lecture to study later.
• His notes helped him prepare for the exam.
• Understanding how to take notes efficiently is important for learning.

Notes in a sentence

Participate

Definition: To take part in an activity or event.

• He decided to participate in the art competition.
• She loves to participate in class discussions.
• They will participate in the community cleanup.

Participate in a sentence

Discuss

Definition: To talk about something with someone; to share ideas.

• We will discuss our project in class tomorrow.
• They like to discuss their favorite books.
• He called to discuss the upcoming event.

Discuss in a sentence

Clarify

Definition: To make something clear or easier to understand.

• Can you clarify your question for me?
• She tried to clarify the instructions for the assignment.
• He asked the teacher to clarify the homework requirements.

Clarify in a sentence

Focus

Definition: To concentrate on something.

• Please focus on your studies.
• She needs to focus during the test.
• He lost focus while watching TV.

Focus in a sentence

Organize

Definition: To arrange or put things in order.

• I will organize my desk tomorrow.
• She likes to organize events for her friends.
• They need to organize their notes before the exam.

Organize in a sentence

Achieve

Definition: To successfully reach a goal or obtain something through effort.

• He worked hard to achieve his dream of becoming a doctor.
• They hope to achieve their target by the end of the month.
• She was proud to achieve her personal best in the race.

Achieve in a sentence

Progress

Definition: Forward movement towards a goal; improvement over time.

• She made great progress in her studies this year.
• The team is working to track their progress.
• Progress is essential for personal growth.

Progress in a sentence

Challenge

Definition: A difficult task or situation that requires effort to overcome.

• I accepted the challenge to run a marathon.
• The puzzle was a fun challenge to solve.
• She faced the challenge of learning a new language.

Challenge in a sentence

Support

Definition: To help or provide assistance to someone or something.

• Friends should support each other.
• The community came together to support the event.
• We need to support local businesses.

Support in a sentence

Technique

Definition: A way of doing something, especially in a skillful manner.

• He learned a new technique for playing the guitar.
• The artist used a unique technique for her painting.
• We practiced the technique repeatedly to improve.

Technique in a sentence

Preparation

Definition: The act of getting ready for something; the process of making plans.

• Preparation is key to a successful event.
• She spent hours on the preparation for her presentation.
• They emphasized the importance of preparation for exams.

Preparation in a sentence

Confidence

Definition: A feeling of trust in one's abilities; self-assurance.

• He spoke with confidence during his presentation.
• She built her confidence through practice.
• Having confidence helps you succeed.

Confidence in a sentence

Attitude

Definition: A settled way of thinking or feeling about something; a perspective.

• She has a positive attitude toward challenges.
• His attitude toward learning is very open.
• They discussed the importance of having a good attitude.

Attitude in a sentence

Comprehension

Definition: The ability to understand something; grasping meaning.

• Reading comprehension is important for learning.
• She improved her comprehension by practicing.
• Teachers assess comprehension through quizzes.

Comprehension in a sentence

Analysis

Definition: The detailed examination of something to understand it better.

• He did an analysis of the data for his project.
• Her analysis showed interesting results.
• They worked together on the analysis of the report.

Analysis in a sentence

Evaluation

Definition: The process of assessing or judging something.

• The teacher will conduct an evaluation of the project.
• She received an evaluation on her performance.
• An evaluation helps improve future work.

Evaluation in a sentence

Discipline

Definition: Training to improve behavior or skills; also refers to a branch of knowledge.

• She has good discipline when studying.
• The discipline of science includes many subjects.
• He learned self-discipline through sports.

Discipline in a sentence

Organization

Definition: A group of people working together for a purpose.

• The organization helps people in need.
• She volunteers for a charity organization.
• The organization focuses on education and health.

Organization in a sentence

Engagement

Definition: An agreement to get married; involvement in an activity.

• Their engagement was announced last week.
• She has a strong engagement in her studies.
• The engagement party was a lot of fun.

Engagement in a sentence

Retention

Definition: The ability to keep or hold onto something; often refers to keeping employees or information.

• Employee retention is important for a successful business.
• The school focuses on student retention through support programs.
• Retention of information is key for effective studying.

Retention in a sentence

Concentration

Definition: The act of focusing attention; the amount of a substance in a mixture.

• Concentration is important for studying effectively.
• The concentration of salt in the water was measured.
• He struggled with concentration while doing homework.

Concentration in a sentence

Goal-setting

Definition: The process of identifying specific objectives to achieve.

• Goal-setting helps people stay focused on their ambitions.
• He practices goal-setting to track his progress.
• Understanding goal-setting is essential for personal development.

Collaboration

Definition: working together to achieve a goal

• The collaboration between students was great.
• They focused on collaboration for the project.
• Her collaboration with the artist produced amazing results.

Collaboration in a sentence

Assessment

Definition: An evaluation or test to measure knowledge or skills.

• The teacher gave an assessment to check our progress.
• We will have a math assessment next week.
• Assessments help identify areas to improve.

Assessment in a sentence

Revision

Definition: The process of reviewing and making changes to improve something.

• I need to do a revision of my essay before submitting it.
• Revision helps me understand the material better.
• The teacher suggested revision for the upcoming test.

Revision in a sentence

Productivity

Definition: The rate at which goods are produced or work is done; efficiency.

• Increased productivity helps businesses grow.
• She measures her productivity by tracking tasks completed.
• They implemented new tools to boost productivity.

Productivity in a sentence

Mindset

Definition: A way of thinking or attitude.

• Her positive mindset helped her succeed.
• A growth mindset encourages learning.
• He adopted a new mindset for challenges.

Mindset in a sentence

Strategic

Definition: related to a plan of action designed to achieve a goal

• They developed a strategic plan for the project.
• Strategic thinking is important for effective leadership.
• Understanding strategic helps in planning processes.

Strategic in a sentence

Analytical

Definition: Relating to the ability to think logically and critically about information.

• Analytical skills are important for problem-solving and decision-making.
• She used analytical reasoning to find solutions.
• Understanding analytical skills can enhance academic performance.

Analytical in a sentence

Comprehensive

Definition: Including all or nearly all elements; thorough.

• The report provided a comprehensive overview of the project.
• A comprehensive study covers all aspects of the topic.
• She created a comprehensive list of resources for students.

Comprehensive in a sentence

Methodology

Definition: A system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity.

• The researcher explained her methodology in the report.
• He learned different methodologies in his science class.
• Understanding methodology is important for conducting research.

Methodology in a sentence

Facilitate

Definition: To make an action or process easier or more achievable.

• Teachers facilitate discussions to enhance learning.
• He was asked to facilitate the meeting to keep it on track.
• Understanding how to facilitate can improve group dynamics.

Facilitate in a sentence

Articulate

Definition: able to express ideas clearly and effectively

• She is very articulate when she speaks.
• Being articulate helps in presentations.
• He learned to be more articulate in his arguments.

Articulate in a sentence

Evaluate

Definition: To judge or assess something.

• We need to evaluate the results of the test.
• She will evaluate the project based on creativity.
• He evaluated the students' work fairly.

Evaluate in a sentence

Implement

Definition: To put into effect or action; to carry out.

• We need to implement the new rules.
• The school will implement a new program.
• They plan to implement changes next year.

Implement in a sentence

Optimize

Definition: To make the best or most effective use of something.

• They want to optimize their study schedule.
• She learned how to optimize her time management.
• Optimizing resources can lead to better results.

Optimize in a sentence

Innovative

Definition: Introducing or using new ideas or methods; creative.

• She has an innovative approach to solving problems.
• The innovative design of the building won awards.
• His innovative thinking helped the team succeed.

Innovative in a sentence

Coherent

Definition: Logical and consistent; easily understood.

• Her arguments were clear and coherent.
• He gave a coherent explanation of the topic.
• The essay was well-organized and coherent.

Coherent in a sentence

Proficient

Definition: Skilled and competent in a specific area.

• He is proficient in playing the piano.
• She became proficient in graphic design through training.
• They are proficient at solving complex problems.

Proficient in a sentence

Proficiently

Definition: In a skilled and competent manner.

• She completed the task proficiently and quickly.
• He speaks English proficiently after years of practice.
• They handled the situation proficiently.

Proficiently in a sentence

Synthesis

Definition: The combination of different ideas or elements to form a new whole.

• Synthesis of information is important in writing essays.
• The synthesis of various sources improved her research.
• He focused on the synthesis of art and science in his project.

Synthesis in a sentence

Critique

Definition: A detailed analysis and assessment of something, often a creative work.

• She wrote a critique of the poem for her class.
• The critique helped the artist improve her technique.
• Understanding critique is important for artistic growth.

Critique in a sentence

Collaborate

Definition: To work together with others on a project.

• We will collaborate on the group assignment.
• The students collaborate to build a model.
• They like to collaborate with different artists.

Collaborate in a sentence

Enhance

Definition: To improve or make better; to increase quality.

• They want to enhance the features of the app.
• She took a course to enhance her skills.
• The new software will enhance productivity in the office.

Enhance in a sentence

Assess

Definition: To evaluate or estimate the nature or quality of something.

• The teacher will assess the students' progress.
• She assessed the damage after the storm.
• They need to assess the situation carefully.

Assess in a sentence

Contextualize

Definition: To place something in its context to better understand it.

• It's important to contextualize historical events.
• She helped contextualize the poem for her classmates.
• He learned to contextualize information for clearer analysis.

Differentiate

Definition: To recognize or ascertain what makes something different.

• She can differentiate between similar sounds.
• In math, we learn to differentiate functions.
• Understanding how to differentiate is key in science.

Differentiate in a sentence

Prioritize

Definition: To arrange or deal with things in order of importance.

• We need to prioritize our tasks for today.
• She learned how to prioritize her homework.
• He will prioritize his health above all else.

Prioritize in a sentence

Integrate

Definition: To combine different parts into a whole.

• We need to integrate new ideas into our project.
• The school aims to integrate technology into learning.
• They worked to integrate various cultures into the community.

Integrate in a sentence

Extrapolate

Definition: To infer or estimate by extending or projecting known information.

• You can extrapolate future trends from current data.
• She tried to extrapolate the results of the experiment.
• Understanding how to extrapolate is important in science.

Extrapolate in a sentence

Substantiate

Definition: To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something.

• He was able to substantiate his claims with data.
• The study aims to substantiate the effectiveness of the drug.
• They needed to substantiate their findings for publication.

Substantiate in a sentence

Rigorous

Definition: Strict, thorough, and demanding; requiring a lot of effort.

• The rigorous training prepared the team for the competition.
• She appreciated the rigorous standards of the program.
• He follows a rigorous routine to stay healthy.

Rigorous in a sentence

Adept

Definition: Skilled or proficient in a particular area.

• She is adept at solving complex problems.
• He is adept in several languages.
• The team is adept at working together efficiently.

Adept in a sentence

Navigate

Definition: To plan and direct the course of a journey; to find one's way.

• She learned how to navigate using a map.
• He used GPS to navigate through the city.
• It's important to navigate safely while driving.

Navigate in a sentence

Conceptualize

Definition: To form an idea or concept in one's mind.

• He can easily conceptualize complex theories.
• The team needs to conceptualize the product before development.
• She helped them conceptualize their marketing strategy.

Conceptualize in a sentence

Meticulous

Definition: Showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.

• He is meticulous in his work, checking every detail.
• She prepared a meticulous plan for the event.
• Meticulous research leads to accurate conclusions.

Meticulous in a sentence

Elucidate

Definition: To make something clear or explain it in detail.

• The teacher tried to elucidate the complex concepts.
• His examples helped elucidate the topic.
• Understanding how to elucidate can improve teaching methods.

Elucidate in a sentence

Pragmatic

Definition: dealing with things sensibly and realistically

• Her pragmatic approach to problem-solving is effective.
• He prefers pragmatic solutions over theoretical ones.
• Understanding pragmatic thinking improves decision-making.

Pragmatic in a sentence

Ambivalent

Definition: Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas.

• She felt ambivalent about accepting the job offer.
• His ambivalent attitude confused his friends.
• They were ambivalent about the upcoming changes.

Ambivalent in a sentence

Paradigm

Definition: A typical example or pattern of something; a model or framework.

• The scientific paradigm shifted with new discoveries.
• He followed the traditional paradigm for solving the problem.
• In school, we learned about different paradigms in science.

Paradigm in a sentence

Juxtapose

Definition: To place two things side by side for comparison.

• The artist chose to juxtapose light and dark colors.
• In her essay, she juxtaposed two different viewpoints.
• Juxtaposing the images highlighted their differences.

Juxtapose in a sentence

Quintessential

Definition: Representing the most perfect example of a quality or class.

• She is the quintessential student, always prepared.
• The restaurant offers quintessential Italian dishes.
• His performance was quintessentially dramatic.

Quintessential in a sentence

Exacerbate

Definition: To make a problem or situation worse.

• His rude comments only served to exacerbate the conflict.
• The pollution will exacerbate health issues in the area.
• Ignoring the issue will exacerbate the situation further.

Exacerbate in a sentence

Succinct

Definition: Briefly and clearly expressed; concise.

• His explanation was succinct and easy to understand.
• She gave a succinct summary of the book.
• Succinct writing is often more effective.

Succinct in a sentence

Conundrum

Definition: A confusing or difficult problem or question.

• The math problem was a real conundrum for the class.
• She faced a conundrum when choosing between two jobs.
• Understanding how to solve conundrums enhances critical thinking.

Conundrum in a sentence

Dichotomy

Definition: A division into two contrasting parts or groups.

• There is a clear dichotomy between right and wrong.
• She discussed the dichotomy of rich and poor.
• Understanding the dichotomy helps in critical thinking.

Dichotomy in a sentence

Salient

Definition: Most noticeable or important; prominent.

• The salient points of the presentation stood out.
• He highlighted the salient features of the product.
• Understanding the salient details is crucial for decision-making.

Salient in a sentence

Esoteric

Definition: intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people

• The professor's lecture was too esoteric for the students.
• Esoteric knowledge often requires specialized training.
• Understanding esoteric concepts can deepen expertise in a subject.

Esoteric in a sentence

Mitigate

Definition: To make something less severe or serious; to lessen the impact.

• They took steps to mitigate the effects of the storm.
• His actions helped mitigate the risks involved.
• She worked to mitigate the damage from the flooding.

Mitigate in a sentence

Inherent

Definition: existing as a natural or essential part of something

• Risk is inherent in all investments.
• She has an inherent talent for music.
• The inherent qualities of the material make it durable.

Inherent in a sentence

Ubiquitous

Definition: Present everywhere at the same time; widespread.

• Smartphones are ubiquitous in modern society.
• The internet has become ubiquitous in daily life.
• Understanding ubiquitous trends can help in technology.

Ubiquitous in a sentence

Vicarious

Definition: experienced through another person

• He felt vicarious joy watching his friend succeed.
• Reading gives you a vicarious experience of adventure.
• She lived vicariously through her favorite characters.

Vicarious in a sentence

Autonomous

Definition: Able to operate independently; self-governing.

• Autonomous vehicles can drive themselves.
• The school has an autonomous student council.
• She prefers working in an autonomous environment.

Autonomous in a sentence

Corroborate

Definition: To confirm or support a statement or theory with evidence.

• The witness was able to corroborate the suspect's alibi.
• His findings corroborate the results of previous studies.
• The teacher asked for proof to corroborate her claims.

Corroborate in a sentence

Ambivalence

Definition: The state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something.

• He felt ambivalence about moving to a new city.
• Her ambivalence showed when she couldn't decide.
• Ambivalence can make decision-making difficult.

Ambivalence in a sentence

Idiosyncratic

Definition: Peculiar or individual; having unique characteristics.

• His idiosyncratic style sets him apart from others.
• She has an idiosyncratic way of solving problems.
• The artist is known for her idiosyncratic approach.

Idiosyncratic in a sentence

Dichotomous

Definition: Divided into two parts or categories; often used in decision-making.

• The dichotomous choices made it easier to decide.
• He faced a dichotomous situation in his project.
• Dichotomous thinking can limit perspectives.

Dichotomous in a sentence

Propensity

Definition: A natural tendency to behave in a certain way.

• She has a propensity for helping others.
• His propensity to study late at night paid off during exams.
• Some animals have a propensity to migrate.

Propensity in a sentence

Tenacity

Definition: The quality of being determined and persistent.

• Her tenacity helped her overcome many obstacles.
• He admired her tenacity in achieving her goals.
• Tenacity is important for success in any field.

Tenacity in a sentence

Veracity

Definition: truthfulness

• The veracity of the witness was questioned.
• We value the veracity of our sources.
• Her veracity made her a trusted friend.

Veracity in a sentence

Paradigmatic

Definition: Serving as a typical example or pattern; representative.

• His behavior is paradigmatic of a strong leader.
• The study provided a paradigmatic case for analysis.
• She presented a paradigmatic model in her presentation.

Paradigmatic in a sentence

Fortuitous

Definition: happening by chance; accidental

• It was fortuitous that they met at the right time.
• Her fortuitous discovery changed everything.
• They had a fortuitous encounter while traveling.

Fortuitous in a sentence

Ostensible

Definition: Apparent or stated, but not necessarily true; seemingly.

• His ostensible reason for leaving was unconvincing.
• She had an ostensible interest in the project.
• The ostensible purpose of the meeting was to discuss budgets.

Ostensible in a sentence

Juxtaposition

Definition: Placing two or more things side by side to highlight differences.

• The juxtaposition of light and dark in the painting creates tension.
• He used juxtaposition in his writing to compare ideas.
• Understanding juxtaposition enhances critical thinking.

Juxtaposition in a sentence

Superfluous

Definition: not necessary; more than enough

• The extra decorations were superfluous for the simple party.
• He removed the superfluous details from his report.
• Superfluous spending can lead to financial issues.

Superfluous in a sentence